California Votes: Propositions 62 and 66

Posted on Oct 03, 2016

This November, Californians face important votes on two ballot initiatives related to the death penalty: Prop 62 and Prop 66. Prop 62 proposes to repeal the death penalty in California and replace it with imprisonment for life without possibility of parole, while Prop 66 proposes to speed up the process of adjudicating capital appeals in state court through a number of complex adjustments to the process. Both propositions would require prisoners to work in prison to pay restitution to the family members of homicide victims.

The Death Penalty Information Center is a national non-profit organization serving the media and the public with analysis and information on issues concerning capital punishment. The goal of this report is to provide voters with impartial analysis concerning Props 62 and 66, to fact check both campaigns, and ensure that Californians have everything they need to make an informed choice on November 8.

Explain the Propositions Up

This section shows the official arguments written by the Prop 62 and 66 campaigns and included in the California Voter Guide, along with analysis and additional information provided by the Death Penalty Information Center. Arguments that are verified by DPIC research are highlighted in green, while arguments that are known to be false or misleading are highlighted in red. Arguments that may be incomplete, unverified, or otherwise potentially misleading are highlighted in yellow. Click the footnote number of each highlight to see DPIC’s explanation.

Proposition 62: Repeal the death penalty

California’s death penalty system has failed. Taxpayers have spent more than $5 billion since 1978 to carry out 13 executions, a cost of $384 million per execution. 1

The death penalty is an empty promise to victims’ families and carries the unavoidable risk of executing an innocent person.

YES ON 62 REPLACES THIS COSTLY, FAILED SYSTEM WITH A STRICT LIFE SENTENCE AND ZERO CHANCE OF PAROLE

Under Prop. 62, the death penalty will be replaced with a strict life sentence. Those convicted of the worst crimes will NEVER be released. Instead of being housed in expensive private cells on death row, murderers will be kept with other maximum-security inmates.2

WORK AND RESTITUTION

Criminals who would otherwise sit on death row and in courtrooms during the decades-long appeals guaranteed by the Constitution will instead have to work and pay restitution to their victims’ families.3

REAL CLOSURE FOR VICTIMS’ FAMILIES4

“California’s death penalty system is a long, agonizing ordeal for our family. As my sister’s killer sits through countless hearings, we continually relive this tragedy. The death penalty is an empty promise of justice. A life sentence without parole would bring real closure.” Beth Webb, whose sister was murdered with seven other people in a mass-shooting at an Orange County hair salon.

HUGE COST SAVINGS CONFIRMED BY IMPARTIAL ANALYSIS

The state’s independent Legislative Analyst confirmed Prop. 62 will save $150 million per year.5 A death row sentence costs 18 times more than life in prison. Resources can be better spent on education, public safety, and crime prevention that actually works.6

DEATH PENALTY SYSTEM FLAWS RUN DEEP

California has not executed anyone in 10 years because of serious problems. For nearly 40 years, every attempted fix has failed to make the death penalty system work. It’s simply unworkable.7

“I prosecuted killers using California’s death penalty law, but the high costs, endless delays and total ineffectiveness in deterring crime convinced me we need to replace the death penalty system with life in prison without parole.” John Van de Kamp, former Los Angeles District Attorney and former California Attorney General.

THE RISK OF EXECUTING AN INNOCENT PERSON IS REAL

DNA technology and new evidence have proven8 the innocence of more than 150 people on death row after they were sentenced to death.9 In California, 66 people had their murder convictions overturned because new evidence showed they were innocent.10

Carlos DeLuna was executed in 1989, but an independent investigation later proved his innocence.11

FORMER DEATH PENALTY ADVOCATES: YES ON 62

“I led the campaign to bring the death penalty back to California in 1978. It was a costly mistake. Now I know we just hurt the victims’ families we were trying to help and wasted taxpayer dollars. The death penalty cannot be fixed. We need to replace it, lock up murderers for good, make them work, and move on.” Ron Briggs, led the campaign to create California’s death penalty system.

www.YesOn62.com

JEANNE WOODFORD, Former Death Row Warden

DONALD HELLER, Author of California’s Death Penalty Law

BETH WEBB, Sister of Victim Murdered in 2011

Proposition 66: Expedite death penalty appeals

California’s elected law enforcement leaders, police officers, frontline prosecutors, and the families of murder victims12 ask you to REFORM the California death penalty system by voting YES ON PROPOSITION 66!

We agree California’s current death penalty system is broken.13 The most heinous criminals14 sit on death row for 30 years, with endless appeals delaying justice and costing taxpayers hundreds of millions.

It does not need to be this way.

The solution is to MEND, NOT END, California’s death penalty.

The solution is YES on PROPOSITION 66.

Proposition 66 was written to speed up the death penalty appeals system while ensuring that no innocent person is ever executed.15

Proposition 66 means the worst of the worst killers receive the strongest sentence.16

Prop. 66 brings closure to the families of victims.17

Proposition 66 protects public safety these brutal killers have no chance of ever being in society again.18

Prop. 66 saves taxpayers money, because heinous criminals will no longer be sitting on death row at taxpayer expense for 30+ years.19

Proposition 66 was written by frontline death penalty prosecutors who know the system inside and out. They know how the system is broken, and they know how to fix it. It may sound complicated, but the reforms are actually quite simple.

HERE’S WHAT PROPOSITION 66 DOES:

  1. All state appeals should be limited to 5 years.20
  2. Every murderer sentenced to death will have their special appeals lawyer assigned immediately. Currently, it can be five years or more before they are even assigned a lawyer.21
  3. The pool of available lawyers to handle these appeals will be expanded.22
  4. The trial courts who handled the death penalty trials and know them best will deal with the initial appeals.23
  5. The State Supreme Court will be empowered to oversee the system and ensure appeals are expedited while protecting the rights of the accused.
  6. The State Corrections Department (Prisons) will reform death row housing; taking away special privileges from these brutal killers and saving millions.24

Together, these reforms will save California taxpayers over $30,000,000 annually, according to former California Finance Director Mike Genest, while making our death penalty system work again.25

WE NEED A FUNCTIONING DEATH PENALTY SYSTEM IN CALIFORNIA

Death sentences are issued rarely and judiciously, and only against the very worst murderers.26

To be eligible for the death penalty in California, you have to be guilty of first-degree murder with “special circumstances.”

These special circumstances include, in part:

  • Murderers who raped/tortured their victims.
  • Child killers.
  • Multiple murderers/serial killers.
  • Murders committed by terrorists; as part of a hate-crime; or killing a police officer.

There are nearly 2,000 murders in California annually. Only about 15 death penalty sentences are imposed.27

But when these horrible crimes occur, and a jury unanimously finds a criminal guilty and separately, unanimously recommends death, the appeals should be heard within five years, and the killer executed.

Help us protect California28, provide closure to victims29, and save taxpayers millions30.

Visit www.NoProp62YesProp66.com for more information.

Then join law enforcement and families of victims and vote YES ON PROPOSITION 66!

JACKIE LACEY, District Attorney of Los Angeles County

KERMIT ALEXANDER, Family Member of Multiple Homicide Victims

SHAWN WELCH, President

Contra Costa County Deputy Sheriffs Association

Race Up

Prop 62 advo­cates say:Prop 66 advo­cates say:
Justice Is Not Blind for African American and Latino Communities.

African Americans and Latinos make up near­ly 67 per­cent of California’s death row pop­u­la­tion. Our crim­i­nal jus­tice sys­tem is unequal, and the California death penal­ty sys­tem per­pet­u­ates inequal­i­ty and bias based on race, geog­ra­phy, and the abil­i­ty to afford a good lawyer.

Isn’t the death penal­ty racial­ly biased?

36% of con­demned inmates are African-American, 34% are Caucasian, 24% are Hispanic, and 6% are oth­er races. Studies con­sis­tent­ly fail to find any dis­cernible bias against minor­i­ty defen­dants, includ­ing those con­duct­ed by anti-death-penal­ty advocates.

Source: yeson62​.comSource: noprop62ye​sprop66​.com

Race and the death penalty is a complicated issue that is reflected in a variety of ways, and whether statistically significant evidence of racial bias is found may often depend upon the question that is asked. Advocates of Prop 62 claim that minorities are overly represented on death row, while advocates of Prop 66 claim that studies have shown no bias against minority defendants. While the representations by advocates of Prop 62 are closer to the truth, neither side’s claims tell the full story.

It is true that African Americans and Latinos make up 67% of death row while they only make up 45% of the state population. However, as death penalty proponents point out, the fact that minority groups are disproportionately represented on death row does not automatically mean that they are disproportionately represented because of racial bias in the administration of the death penalty itself.31 Indeed, minority groups are similarly overrepresented in many other areas of the criminal justice system. One may make the case that the death penalty is racially biased because it has a disproportionate impact on minority groups, but, as proponents of capital punishment argue, that is not the same as saying that the death penalty discriminates against individual defendants.

Another problem with assessing whether the administration of the death penalty is racially discriminatory is that the choice whether to seek and impose the death penalty is made at the county level, and when the data are looked at on the state or national level, it may distort or mask the evidence of discrimination in individual counties.32 An analysis of California’s death penalty in the 1990s, when a significant portion of the state’s death row prisoners were tried and convicted, found significant geographic disparities in death sentencing practices that had profound race effects. The study found that counties that had lower population density and less racial diversity in their populations had the highest death-sentencing rates. In those counties, defendants who were accused of killing White, non-Latino victims were more likely to be sentenced to death than other homicide defendants, regardless of the how aggravated the murders were.33

The death penalty system in California and across the United States has shown to be racially biased in many ways other than simply the proportion of racial and ethic minorities who are sentenced to death. These include the role played by the race of the victim, jury selection practices and the racial makeup of the jury, and the impact of geography.

Race of the victim

Nearly 80% of people who have been executed were sentenced to death for killing White victims, even though in society as a whole about half of all murder victims are African-American. Studies have consistently shown that the race of the victim is a significant factor in determining who is sentenced to death.

A study of race in California’s death penalty published in the Santa Clara Law Review concluded:

  • Those who kill non-Latino whites are more than three times more likely to be sentenced to die as those who kill African-Americans.
  • Those who kill non-Latino whites are more than four times more likely to be sentenced to die as those who kill Latinos.

See: Santa Clara Law Review, “The Impact of Legally Inappropriate Factors on Death Sentencing for California Homicides, 1990-1999.”

Racial discrimination in juries

One way that racial discrimination can play a role in the death penalty is through the exclusion of minorities from serving on juries. The Constitution requires that prosecutors who exclude minorities from juries provide race-neutral reasons for the exclusion, however there have been many cases in which prosecutors are found to exclude non-white jurors solely because of their race.

In California specifically, one recent report identified potential racial bias in cases in Riverside and Kern Counties. The study reported that in 2011, California Supreme Court Justices Werdegar and Moreno dissented in a Riverside County capital case that involved an African-American defendant because of race bias in jury selection and because the reasons prosecutors gave for excusing several Black prospective jurors were unsupported by the evidence. The study also found that, “Earlier this year a California appellate court reversed a Kern County case on race discrimination grounds after the prosecution struck each of the Black prospective jurors and provided implausibly race-neutral grounds for one of those strikes, mischaracterized the prospective juror’s words, and argued extensively with defense counsel about whether the juror was Black or not.”

See: Fair Punishment Project, Too Broken to Fix Part I: An In-depth Look at America’s Outlier Death Penalty Counties.

In addition, evidence suggests that the exclusion of minority jurors may have race- and class-based consequences. A 2014 mock-jury study of more than 500 men and women who had reported for jury service in Southern California found that White jurors were more likely to impose a death sentence upon a poor Latino defendant than upon a similarly situated White defendant, especially when the mitigating evidence presented in the hypothetical scenario was weak. Latino jurors, on the other hand, imposed the death sentence at about the same rate, regardless of the ethnicity and social status of the defendant or the strength of the mitigating evidence.34

Geography

The location of the crime and the jurisdiction of the prosecution are other factors that significantly impact who is sentenced to die. The Santa Clara Law Review found “clear regional disparities in death sentencing, with counties that have a lower population density and a higher proportion of non-Hispanic whites in their populations to have the highest rates of death sentences.”

The Fair Punishment Project recently identified 10 “outlier counties” that use the death penalty at a higher rate than other counties in the U.S. Five of these counties were located in Southern California: Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino. In Riverside County, the rate of death sentences per 100 homicides was nearly nine times the rate for the rest of the state. Some factors identified that contributed to the higher rates of death sentences in these counties included overzealous prosecutions, inadequate defense, racial bias and jury exclusions, and excessive punishment in sentencing.

See: Fair Punishment Project, Too Broken to Fix Part I: An In-depth Look at America’s Outlier Death Penalty Counties.

Resources for more information on race and the death penalty

Death Penalty Information Center, Race and the Death Penalty

DPIC Podcast, Race and the Death Penalty

Innocence Up

Prop 62 advo­cates say:Prop 66 advo­cates say:

Mistakes are inevitable and can’t be undone.

DNA tech­nol­o­gy and new evi­dence have proven the inno­cence of more than 150 peo­ple on death row around the country.

Are there suf­fi­cient pro­tec­tions in place to make cer­tain an inno­cent per­son is not executed?

Yes. There is no evi­dence that the state of California has ever exe­cut­ed an inno­cent per­son. This was con­firmed by the Alarc/​Mitchell study of 2012, which con­duct­ed an exten­sive exam­i­na­tion of the use of the death penal­ty in California over the past sev­er­al decades. The find­ings of that study were:

California has approached the imple­men­ta­tion of its death penal­ty sys­tem with cau­tion and, as a result, no evi­dence has been pre­sent­ed that the pros­e­cu­tion of per­sons accused of cap­i­tal crimes has result­ed in the exe­cu­tion of some­one who was innocent.”

Source: yeson62​.comSource: noprop62ye​sprop66​.com

There is always a risk of executing an innocent person. The Death Penalty Information Center maintains a list of individuals sentenced to death who are later exonerated, which currently lists 156 people including 3 from California (see below).

The risk of executing an innocent person has also been documented in other states. For a list of people executed despite strong evidence suggesting innocence, see executed-possibly-innocent

California may have already executed an innocent person. Substantial evidence has been cited to suggest that Thomas Thompson, executed in 1998, may have been innocent. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Thompson’s conviction, but were overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court on procedural grounds based on a missed deadline. For more, see the LA Times editorial, California has executed 13 men since reviving the death penalty. Was one of them innocent?, and Judge Stephen Reinhardt’s law review article, The Anatomy of An Execution: Fairness versus “Process.”

Several inmates on California’s death row have currently pending claims of actual innocence. For example, numerous federal judges have expressed doubt regarding the conviction of Kevin Cooper.

Proposition 62’s solution to the problem of innocent people on death row is to replace the death penalty with life in prison without parole, removing the risk of executing an innocent person.

Proposition 66 includes provisions intended to protect an innocent person sentenced to death, but, according to Barry Scheck, co-founder of the national Innocence Project, “its poorly written provisions will increase the risk of executing the innocent.” Prop 66 advocates tout the procedural safeguards present in the current capital appeals process as reason to believe innocent people will not be executed in California. Prop 66, however, would significantly alter that process and, in so doing, would remove existing protections.

Prop 66 requires appeals lawyers to undertake capital cases if they wish to continue handling other criminal appeals, whether or not they are willing and qualified to handle capital cases. Some who are qualified have refused to accept appointments in capital cases because the current compensation for their services and the resources currently available to retain investigators and experts is insufficient for them to properly prepare and present a capital case. Under Prop 66, the state court appeal must be filed within one year of the attorney being appointed, and must be resolved within five years. In many of the cases of innocence documented by DPIC, evidence of police and prosecutorial misconduct that led to wrongful convictions and death sentences, and exculpatory evidence affirmatively establishing a death row prisoner’s innocence was discovered far more than five years after the conviction or appointment of appellate counsel. The short investigation and pleading deadlines and the deadlines for deciding capital cases place arbitrary limits on when evidence of innocence may be presented to and considered by the courts. And the appointment of unqualified or unwilling lawyers with inadequate time and resources to investigate and develop evidence of innocence or uncover evidence of potential police or prosecutorial misconduct further increases the risk that death row prisoners will be unable to meaningfully develop and present their claims of innocence to the court, that exculpatory evidence wrongfully suppressed by the prosecution will remain undiscovered, and that police or prosecutorial misconduct that led to wrongful convictions and death sentences will remain undetected.

Prop 66 also creates new court rules that make it more harder for a death row prisoner to obtain judicial review of an innocence claims after the artificial deadlines imposed by the proposition. For a claim of innocence to be pursued after those deadlines, Prop 66 requires the court to prejudge the merits of the evidence and determine that the prisoner is likely to be innocent. Prop 66 creates a new standard for this, requiring the judge to weigh all evidence ”including evidence that may not be admissible in court”and determine if the inmate is innocent by a “preponderance of the evidence” (more likely than not). Only if the prisoner persuades the judge that he or she is “likely” innocent may the judge entertain appeals after the now-shortened deadline, or after the first appeal has been decided. This standard replaces the existing appeal process, in which a judge can dismiss a claim of actual innocence only after hearing the claim. This provision also substantially decreases the protections currently in place to safeguard against the execution of an innocent person.

For more information about innocence and the death penalty, see: Innocence and Death Penalty.

California’s Death Row Exonerees:

Ernest (Shujaa) Graham California Conviction: 1976, Acquitted: 1981

In November 1973, while incarcerated in a state prison facility, Ernest Graham and co-defendant Eugene Allen were charged with killing a state correctional officer. Graham’s first trial resulted in a mistrial when the jury could not agree on a verdict. Graham was sentenced to death in 1976 after his second trial. The Supreme Court of California reversed the conviction because prosecutors improperly used their peremptory challenges to exclude prospective jurors who were black. Graham’s third trial ended in another hung jury, and he was acquitted by the jury in his fourth trial. (Phone conversation with now Magistrate-Judge James Larson, October 6, 2003, who represented Graham).

Troy Lee Jones California Conviction: 1982, Charges Dismissed: 1996

The California Supreme Court ruled in June 1996 that Jones should have a new trial because he was not adequately defended at his original trial for the murder of Carolyn Grayson in 1981 (In re Troy Lee Jones on Habeas Corpus, 917 P.2d 1175 (1996)). The Court found that the defense attorney failed to conduct an adequate pretrial investigation, speak with possible witnesses, obtain a relevant police report, or seek pretrial investigative funds. Moreover, the attorney elicited damaging testimony against his own client during cross examination of a witness. The prosecution announced that it was dropping all charges against Jones in November 1996, after he had been on death row for 14 years. (Associated Press, 11/19/96).
Read “California Death Sentence” by Dan Goodin in The Recorder

Oscar Lee Morris California Conviction: 1983, Charges Dismissed: 2000

Morris was convicted in 1983 and sentenced to death. His death sentence was vacated by the California Supreme Court in 1988. Although the court did not overturn his conviction, it later ordered an evidentiary hearing when the state’s chief witness against Morris issued a deathbed recantation. After the evidentiary hearing, the Los Angeles County Superior Court granted Morris a new trial. Prosecutors decided not to retry the case and Morris was freed in 2000. (L.A. Daily Journal, October 29, 2002).

Additional former death row inmates in California

Three other former death row inmates were acquitted of the charges for which they were sentenced to death, however they are not included in DPIC’s innocence database because of other non-capital charges. Lee Farmer, Patrick Croy, and Jerry Bigelow were each convicted and sentenced to death, and later had their convictions overturned. Read more in the San Francisco Chronicle article.

Costs Up

Prop 62 advo­cates say:Prop 66 advo­cates say:

The state’s inde­pen­dent Legislative Analyst con­firmed Prop 62 will save $150 mil­lion per year. A death row sen­tence costs 18 times more than life in prison. Resources can be bet­ter spent on edu­ca­tion, pub­lic safe­ty, and crime pre­ven­tion that actu­al­ly works.

Constitutionally man­dat­ed appeals and spe­cial death row facil­i­ties cost tax­pay­ers $150 mil­lion every year.

Californians have spent $5 bil­lion since 1978 to put 13 peo­ple to death, at a cost of $384 mil­lion per execution.

Isn’t it true that the death penal­ty costs much more than life with­out parole?

No. In fact, life with­out parole is much more expen­sive than a prop­er­ly imple­ment­ed death penal­ty. Opponents argue that hous­ing and long-term med­ical costs sig­nif­i­cant­ly increase death row expen­di­tures. However, the actu­al facts do not sup­port this claim. California would save mil­lions of dol­lars in hous­ing and med­ical care by stream­lin­ing the process and exe­cut­ing death row inmates as the courts have ordered, thus reliev­ing the tax bur­den borne by all California citizens.

Source: yeson62​.comSource: noprop62ye​sprop66​.com

The costs of the death penalty in California (and other states) have been studied multiple times, with all studies demonstrating that the death penalty costs more than life without parole.

Studies in California include the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice (2008), the Loyola Law School report Executing the Will of the Voters (2012), and most recently a follow up report from Loyola Law School California Votes 2016. Each of these reports showed that many factors substantially increase the cost of the death penalty over life without parole. Some of these factors include special housing requirements, increased trial costs, and lengthy appeals.

The claims made by Prop 62 advocates that the death penalty costs 18 times more than a life without parole sentence, and that California pays roughly $150 million per year totaling $5 billion since 1978, are supported by research studies of California’s death penalty.

Advocates of Prop 66 claim, on the other hand, that life without parole is more expensive than “a properly functioning death penalty.” This claim is not supported by evidence, either in California or in any other state.

Prop 66 attempts to save money by:

  • Shortening the appeals process and executing inmates faster
  • Getting rid of special housing rules for death row

But it also costs money by:

  • Training a large number of new lawyers for death penalty defense
  • Adding to the caseload of state courts
  • Paying more defense attorneys to resolve state death row appeals faster
  • Potentially increasing the length and complexity of federal habeas corpus proceedings, with attendant costs to state and federal taxpayers.

No study of the death penalty in any state in the U.S. has shown that the death penalty is less expensive than life without parole. In every state in which the cost of the death penalty has been studied, research has shown that the added costs associated with the death penalty exceed the costs of a life without parole sentence.

The claim made by the Prop 66 campaign is based on the hypothetical system envisioned by Prop 66, which its advocates argue will save money. However, there is no basis to believe that the system created by Prop 66 will actually achieve the intended result of so systemically expediting executions that it will cost less than life without parole.

The primary basis for the claim that Prop 66 will save money is the five-year time limit imposed on appeals and removing the special housing conditions on death row. However, this argument does not take into account the additional costs required to implement Prop 66 and the new time limits.

In order to implement these time limits, Prop 66 increases the pool of attorneys available to defend death row inmates, both by lowering the qualifications and by requiring non-death penalty attorneys who take state appointed appeals to also accept death penalty appeals. This provision includes substantial costs that Prop 66 advocates have not accounted for. First, conscripting unwilling lawyers to handle capital cases is expected to result in litigation over the adequacy of attorney payments and resources necessary to investigate and present death penalty claims and whether the state can require lawyers to undertake capital representation as a precondition for continuing to handle their normal appellate cases. Assuming those provisions survive constitutional review, large number of attorneys will then have to be trained to meet the qualifications for death penalty defense.

Prop 66 also diverts state appeals from the California Supreme Court to local courts. In order to meet the five-year time limit for appeals, local county courts will be required to absorb hundreds of new cases on top of their current case loads. The legal fees to address these cases, both to pay for the court costs and to pay the increased pool of defense attorneys, and the administrative costs of additional court personnel are not taken into account in the claims made by Prop 66 advocates.

Who Supports? Up

Law Enforcement

Law Enforcement for Prop 62Law Enforcement for Prop 66
Jeanne Woodford
Former Death Row Warden at San Quentin State Prison
John Van de Kamp
Former Attorney General of California
Cruz Reynoso
Former California Supreme Court Justice
Don Heller
Author of California’s Death Penalty Law in 1978
George Gascon
District Attorney of San Francisco
Gil Garcetti
Former District Attorney of Los Angeles
Tom Parker
Former FBI Agent
Norman Fletcher
Former Georgia Supreme Court Chief Justice
Christine Pelosi
Former Deputy District Attorney of San Francisco
Jan Karowsky
Former Deputy DA of Sacramento County
Kathy Marousek
Former Deputy District Attorney of Fresno County
Bruce Enos
Former Deputy District Attorney of Sonoma County
Valerie Plame
Former Covert CIA Operations Officer
Steve Boreman
Former Deputy Attorney General of California
Diane Goldstein
Retired Redondo Beach Police Captain
Frank Ochoa
Former Santa Barbara County Superior Court Judge
Lawrence J. Simi
Former Chair of the California Commission on Judicial Performance
Lynda Leigh
Formerly with California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Soledad Correctional Training Facility
Carl Coleman
Undercover Citizen Operative, Special Crimes, Sarasota Police Department, Florida
Barbara Parker
Oakland City Attorney
Jerry Hurtubise
Former City Attorney of San Francisco
Frank Thompson
Former Warden of Oregon’s Death Row Prison
Darryl Stallworth
Former Deputy District Attorney of Alameda County
Karyn Sinunu-Towery
Former Assistant District Attorney of Santa Clara County
Morgan Taylor
Former Deputy District Attorney of Monterey County
Anthony Troy
Former Attorney General of Virginia
The Hon. James F. Stiven
United States District Court, Southern California (ret.)
Patrick Boyd
Former Associate Warden
Steve Hodel
Former Los Angeles Police Department Homicide Detective III
Margot Krystian, PhD
Former California State Parole Agent and Assistant Unit Supervisor
Dewey Willis
Former California Youth Authority Institutional Superintendent
Tony Rackauckus
Orange County District Attorney
Mike Ramos
San Bernardino County District Attorney
Anne Marie Schubert
Sacramento County District Attorney
Jackie Lacey
Los Angeles County District Attorney
Lisa Smittcamp
Fresno County District Attorney
Lisa Green
Kern County District Attorney
Greg Totten
Ventury County District Attorney
Steve Wagstaffe
San Mateo County District Attorney
Amanda Hopper
Sutter County District Attorney
Mike Hestrin
Riverside County District Attorney
Cliff Newell
Nevada County District Attorney
Gilbert Otero
Imperial County District Attorney
Scott Owens
Placer County District Attorney
Mark Peterson
Contra Costa County District Attorney
Krishna Abrams
Solano County District Attorney
Kirk Andrus
Siskiyou County District Attorney
Lawrence Allen
Sierra County District Attorney
Dan Dow
San Luis Obispo County District Attorney
Bonnie Dumanis
San Diego County District Attorney
Birgit Fladager
Stanislaus County District Attorney
Dean Flippo
Monterey County District Attorney
Eric Heryford
Trinity County District Attorney
David Hollister
Plumas County District Attorney
Vern Pierson
El Dorado County District Attorney
John Poyner
Colusa County District Attorney
Jeff Reisig
Yolo County District Attorney
Todd Riebe
Amador County District Attorney
Tim Ward
Tulare County District Attorney
Pat McGrath
Yuba County District Attorney
Don Anderson
Lake County District Attorney
Stacey Montgomery
Lassen County District Attorney
Candice Hooper
San Benito County District Attorney
James Cooke
Mariposa County District Attorney
Laura Krieg
Tuolumne County District Attorney
Lisa Green
Kern County District Attorney
Steve Cooley
Former Los Angeles County District Attorney
Jan Scully
Former Sacramento County District Attorney
Jim McDonnell
Los Angeles County Sheriff
Scott Jones
Sacramento County Sheriff
John McMahon
San Bernardino County Sheriff
Adam Christianson
Stanislaus County Sheriff
John D’Agostini
El Dorado County Sheriff
Sandra Hutchens
Orange County Sheriff
Greg Munks
San Mateo County Sheriff
Keith Royal
Nevada County Sheriff
Donny Youngblood
Kern County Sheriff
Ed Prieto
Yolo County Sheriff
Tom Bosenko
Shasta County Sheriff
Ian Parkinson
San Luis Obispo County Sheriff
Margret Mims
Fresno County Sheriff
J. Paul Parker
Sutter County Sheriff
Lou Blanas
Former Sacramento County Sheriff
John McGinness
Former Sacramento County Sheriff
Jon Lopey
Siskiyou County Sheriff
Rick DiBasilio
Calaveras County Sheriff
Tim Standley
Sierra County Sheriff
Mike Downey
Humboldt County Sheriff
Doug Binnewies
Mariposa County Sheriff
Bill Brown
Santa Barbara County Sheriff
Greg Ahern
Alameda County Sheriff
Bruce Haney
Trinity County Sheriff
Rick Stephens
Alpine County Sheriff
Bill Lutze
Inyo County Sheriff
Martin Ryan
Amador County Sheriff
Steve Durfor
Yuba County Sheriff
Edward Bonner
Placer County Sheriff
Stephen Scherb
Retired Parole Agent
M. David Stirling
Former Chief Deputy to the Attorney General
Teri Bella
Retired CA Corrections
Eric Coulter
Retired Police Officer

State and national leaders and elected officials

State and nation­al lead­ers and elect­ed offi­cials for for Prop 62State and nation­al lead­ers and elect­ed offi­cials for for Prop 66
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
Former President and First Lady of the United States
Bernie Sanders
United States Senator, VT, and for­mer Democratic Party Presidential Candidate
Martin O’Malley
Former Democratic Party Presidential Candidate
Gary Johnson
Libertarian Party Presidential Candidate
Dolores Huerta
Civil Rights Activist
Gavin Newsom
Lieutenant Governor of California
Ron Briggs
Led Campaign for California’s Death Penalty Law in 1978
John J. Donohue III, Phd.
Economics and Law Professor, Stanford Law School
Mark White
Former Governor of Texas
John Burton
Chairman of the California Democratic Party
Hilda Solis
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Jared Huffman
California’s 2nd District
Barbara Lee
California’s 13th District
Anna Eshoo
California’s 18th District
Zoe Lofgren
California’s 19th District
Ted Lieu
California’s 33rd District
Karen Bass
California’s 37th District
Loretta Sanchez
California’s 46th District
Anthony Rendon
California State Assembly Speaker, 63rd District
Bill Monning
California State Senate Majority Leader
Mark Leno
California State Senate 11th District
Toni Atkins
Assembly Speaker Emeritus, California State Assembly 78th District
Cristina Garcia
California State Assembly 58th District, Co-Chair California Legislative Women’s Caucus
Loni Hancock
California State Senate 9th District
Steve Glazer
California State Senate 7th District
Phil Ting
California State Assembly 19th District
Rob Bonta
California State Assembly 18th District
Kevin McCarty
California State Assembly 7th District
Sam Liccardo
Mayor of San Jose
Libby Schaaf
Mayor of Oakland
Helene Schneider
Mayor of Santa Barbara
Robb Davis
Mayor of Davis
Darrell Steinberg
Mayor-Elect of Sacramento
Antonio Villaraigosa
Former Mayor of Los Angeles
Madison Nguyen
Former Vice Mayor of San Jose
Pete Wilson
36th Governor, CA
George Deukmejian
35th Governor, CA
Ed Royce
Congressman, 39th District, Los Angeles, Orange County
Mimi Walters
Congresswoman, 45th District, Orange County
Cathleen Galgiani
State Senator, District 5, San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Sacramento Counties
Jeff Stone
State Senator, District 28, Riverside County
Young Kim
Assemblywoman, Orange County
James Bozajian
Mayor, City of Calabasas
Harry Sidhu
Former Anaheim City Councilmember
Mike Spence
Councilmember, West Covina City Council
Kevin Kiley
Assistant Attorney General
Judge Quentin L. Kopp
San Mateo County Superior Court, Retired
John McAuliffe
Consultant/​California Expert on Death Penalty
Ourania Riddle
2015 HJTA Taxpayer Fighter of the Year
Todd Rubinstein
Rubinstein Group

Family Members

Family Members of Victims for for Prop 62Family Members of Victims for for Prop 66
  • Sarah Apfel
  • Robyn Barbour
  • Susan Benson
  • Deborah Brown
  • Vic Burton
  • Kathryn Butterfield
  • Ronnie Carmona
  • Michael Cole
  • Anita Coolidge
  • Phyllis Davies
  • Jaoana Dean
  • Richard DiMatteo
  • Manetric Douglas
  • Marilyn Dresser
  • Wendy Fast
  • Angelo Festa
  • Jo Ann Fishburn
  • Rosa Gaines
  • Janis Gay
  • Abba Gayle
  • Casey Hancock
  • Lyle Henry
  • Aundra Herron
  • Rev. Charles C. Hensel
  • Forrest Hopping
  • Michael Hubbard
  • Susan Karlin
  • Holly Kukkonen
  • Peter Levin
  • David Matt
  • Patrick McDonald
  • Deldelp Medina
  • Fred Morrison
  • Irene Killian de Ojeda
  • Clifford O’Sullivan Jr.
  • Barbara Ridley
  • Eileen Robinson
  • Sam Reese Sheppard
  • Aqeela Sherrills
  • Dean Sigler
  • Veronica Slaughter
  • Rev. Dr. Jack Sullivan, Jr.
  • Denise Taylor
  • Brian Todd
  • Tanya Varner
  • Tyra Vickers
  • Nancy Vollersten
  • Beth Webb
  • Amanda & Nick Wilcox
  • Dionne Wilson
  • Charles Wolfe
  • Theda Zaretsky
  • Donya Airola
  • Kermit and Tami Alexander
  • Noreen Anthony-Tabar
  • David Akinaga
  • Tony Andrade
  • John Berry (Redlands Tea Party Patriots)
  • Mike Boehm
  • Jane and Bill Bouffard
  • Richard Breidenthal
  • Andi Bridges
  • Lee Bunyard
  • Catherine Burke
  • Colene and Gary Campbell
  • Donna Canepa
  • Gene Cervantes (Citizens Against Homicide)
  • Maureen Craig
  • Brenda Daly
  • Kathleen DiGregorio
  • Richard Faria
  • Kathy Farrar
  • Misty Gray
  • Philip Gibbons
  • Dawn Hall
  • Kenneth Hambrick
  • Michele Hanisee
  • Matthew Hardy
  • Kay Harris
  • Susan Hittle
  • Bill Hughes
  • Mary Ann Hughes
  • Jennifer Jake Ibarra
  • Misty Johansen
  • Lisa Johst
  • David Keller
  • Ronald Lee (Ronald Otis Lee, LTD)
  • Lotous Lenguyen
  • Phyllis Loya
  • David Lukenbill
  • Richard Malouf
  • Jeremy Marsh
  • Den McDonald
  • Josh Mehraban
  • Tammy Mitchell (Victims of Violent Crimes Advocate)
  • Tonia Monroe
  • Joshua Moody
  • April Nunez
  • Sandee Ogilvie
  • Manuel Ortiz
  • Kathy Patterson
  • John Peters
  • Rebecca Petty
  • Gary Pietila
  • Christine Proffitt
  • Elliot Rouff
  • Stephanie Ruiz
  • John Russell
  • Margaret Smethers
  • Wendy Solorio
  • Anne Stendel
  • Heidi Steiner
  • Jeanine Tuttle
  • Kevin VanKleef
  • Trina Walker
  • Steve Wells
  • Patricia Wenskunas (Founder and CEO, Crime Survivors)
  • James Wichmann
  • Matt Wilmes
  • Phillip Wyman

    Organizational Support

    Organizations for Prop 62Organizations for Prop 66
    • California Democratic Party
    • Libertarian Party of California
    • California NAACP
    • Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
    • California Labor Federation
    • SEIU California
    • AFSCME California People
    • California Nurses Association
    • 18 Million Rising
    • ACLU of Northern California
    • ACLU of Southern California
    • ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties
    • American Ethical Union
    • Amnesty International USA
    • Bend the Arc
    • California Partnership
    • CA Council of Community Behavioral Health Agencies
    • Dolores Huerta Foundation
    • Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
    • Evolve CA
    • Forward Together
    • Friends Committee on Legislation of California
    • Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club
    • JusticeFaith Ministries
    • Lutheran Office of Public Policy of California
    • National Center for Lesbian Rights
    • Peace and Freedom Party
    • University of California Students Assocation
    • William C. Velasquez Institute

    Faith Organizations

    • Abrahamic Faiths Peacemaking Initiative
    • Catholics Against the Death Penalty Southern California
    • Church of the Foothills Peace, Benevolence and Justice Ministry
    • Council on American-Islamic Relations Los Angeles
    • Kehilla Community Synagogue
    • Office of Social Ministry of the Diocese of San Diego
    • Orange County Communities Organized for Responsible Development
    • Religious Sisters of Charity Culver City Retirement Home
    • Sisters of the Holy Family (Fremont)
    • St. Camillus Associates Community (Los Angeles)
    • Pax Christi Southern California
    • American Muslim Voice Foundation
    • Black Jewish Justice Alliance
    • Muslim Public Affairs Council

    Legal Associations

    • Bar Association of San Francisco
    • California Attorneys for Criminal Justice
    • Criminal Defense Lawyers Club of San Diego
    • Criminal Trial Lawyers Association of Northern California (CTLA/​NC)
    • California Catholic Conference
    • Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF)
    • Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice (CLUE)
    • Rainbow PUSH Coalition
    • League of Women Voters of California
    • California Federation of Teachers
    • Equality California

    Death Penalty & Justice Reform Organizations

    • 8th Amendment Project
    • 90 Million Strong Campaign
    • California Crime Victims for Alternatives to the Death Penalty
    • California People of Faith Working Against the Death Penalty
    • California Public Defenders Association
    • Center for Restorative Justice Works
    • Death Penalty Focus
    • Equal Justice Initiative
    • Equal Justice Society
    • Equal Justice USA
    • Exonerated Nation
    • Homeboy Industries
    • Justice Not Jails
    • LatinoJustice PRLDEF
    • Murder Victims Families for Reconciliation
    • National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
    • National Legal Aid and Defender Association
    • Southern Center for Human Rights
    • Witness To Innocence
    • Local Organizations
    • Amnesty International Group 22 (Pasadena)
    • Center on Policy Initiatives (San Diego)
    • Community Coalition (South Los Angeles)
    • Community Resource Initiative (San Francisco)
    • El Excentrico Magazine Project (San Jose Region)
    • LA Progressive
    • Lavender Youth Recreation and Information Center (LYRIC)
    • Robert F. Kennedy Democratic Club
    • Sunday Assembly Los Angeles
    • Youth Justice Coalition

    Humanists

    • American Humanist Association
    • Bay Area Humanists
    • Humanist Association of the Monterey Bay Area
    • Humanists of the San Joaquin Valley (Fresno area)
    • Humanist Association of Orange County
    • Humanist Association of the Greater Sacramento Area
    • Humanist Association of San Diego
    • The Humanist Chaplaincy at USC
    • The Humanist Community of Silicon Valley
    • The Humanist Community-Ventura County
    • Humanist Fellowship of San Diego
    • Humanist Society of Redding
    • Stanislaus Humanists
    • Assoc. of Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs
    • Assoc. of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs
    • Bakersfield Police Officers Assoc.
    • California Assoc. of Highway Patrolman
    • California Police Chiefs Assoc.
    • California Correctional Peace Officers Assoc.
    • California Peace Officers’ Association
    • California Statewide Law Enforcement Assoc.
    • California State Sheriffs’ Association
    • Chula Vista Police Officers Assoc.
    • Contra Costa County Deputy Sheriffs Assoc.
    • Deputy Sheriffs’ Assoc. of San Diego
    • Fraternal Order of Police, LA County Lodge 1
    • Law Enforcement Managers Assoc.
    • Local 1613, National Border Patrol Council
    • Long Beach Police Officers Assoc.
    • Los Angeles Police Protective League
    • Los Angeles Professional Peace Officers Assoc.
    • Los Angeles School Police Assoc.
    • Oceanside Police Officers Assoc.
    • Peace Officers Research Assoc. of California (PORAC)
    • Professional Peace Officers Assoc.
    • Riverside Sheriffs’ Assoc.
    • Sacramento Deputy Sheriffs Assoc.
    • Sacramento Law Enforcement Managers Assoc.
    • San Bernardino County Safety Employees Benefit Assoc.
    • San Diego Deputy Sheriffs
    • San Diego Police Officers Assoc.
    • San Francisco Police Officers Assoc.
    • San Jose Police Officers Assoc.
    • San Mateo County Deputy Sheriff’s Assoc.
    • Santa Ana Police Officers Assoc.
    • Southern California Alliance of Law Enforcement (SCALE)
    • Ventura County Deputy Sheriffs’ Association

    Editorial Support

    Editorials favor­ing Prop 62Editorials favor­ing Prop 66

    Footnotes

    1. All legal experts have agreed that California’s current death penalty system does not function as designed. See: California Costs Study↩︎

    2. Currently death row inmates are housed in a special unit in San Quentin. Prop 62 allows prisoners to be re-assigned to other California prisons, where they will be treated similarly to other inmates. Prop 66 would also re-assign these prisoners to other California prisons without eliminating the death penalty.↩︎

    3. Currently death row inmates do not work in prison because of their special status as death row inmates. By eliminating the death penalty, Prop 62 would reclassify these inmates similarly to other inmates.↩︎

    4. “Closure” for victims is a complicated emotional and psychological process that varies drastically from person to person. Voters should not infer that all families of victims experience “closure” in the same way. See: Closure? The Execution Was Just the Start And: VICTIMS: Murder Victim’s Daughter Says “Broken” Death Penalty Doesn’t Bring Closure and is “A Waste”↩︎

    5. Financial savings from Prop 62 have been confirmed by impartial analysis and the experience of other states that have repealed the death penalty. Prop 62 contains no provisions that may incur unforeseen costs. See Fiscal Impact.↩︎

    6. Prop 62 contains no provisions that re-allocate money saved to education or other specific expenditures. Financial savings would be reflected in the state’s General Fund for use in any government expenditure.↩︎

    7. California has attempted numerous legislative changes to the death penalty system in the past 40 years, but executions have remained infrequent.↩︎

    8. While more than 150 people have been exonerated from death row, their exonerations were not necessarily because of DNA technology and new evidence. In some cases, courts found the evidence presented at trial to be insufficient to have justified a prosecution in the first place. In a few cases, courts found police and prosecutorial misconduct to be so egregious that, after overturning the wrongful conviction and death sentence, they barred the prosecution from seeking to retry the defendant.↩︎

    9. The Death Penalty Information Center maintains a list of people sentenced to death who were later exonerated. Currently that list includes 156 people. See: Innocence List.↩︎

    10. According to the National Registry of Exonerations, 68 people convicted of murder in California and another 5 convicted of manslaughter have been exonerated.↩︎

    11. For more information about Carlos DeLuna see: INNOCENCE: New Evidence That Texas May Have Executed an Innocent Man↩︎

    12. Families of murder victims are a diverse group of individuals who remain divided on the issue of the death penalty. Many families of murder victims support Prop 66 and many others support the alternative Prop 62. Voters should not infer that all murder victims’ family members agree. See: Victims and the Death Penalty↩︎

    13. All legal experts have agreed that California’s current death penalty system does not function as designed. See: California Cost Study. In 2014, a federal district court declared “the dysfunctional administration of California’s death penalty system” to be unconstitutional. That ruling was later overturned on procedural grounds without addressing the district court’s underlying findings of fact.↩︎

    14. Studies suggest that defendants who are sentenced to death have not necessarily committed the “most heinous” crimes and that those who commit “the most heinous crimes” do not necessarily receive the death penalty. For instance, a study of the 205 death-eligible homicides prosecuted in Connecticut rated the “egregiousness” of the murderers’ conduct and compared the conduct of those who were sentenced to death with those who were found guilty but ultimately not sentenced to death. Only 1 of the 9 defendants who were sentenced to death fell within the 15% of cases considered most “egregious,” and the others ranked between 33rd and 170th on the scale of egregiousness. Donohue, An Empirical Evaluation of the Connecticut Death Penalty System Since 1973: Are There Unlawful Racial, Gender, and Geographic Disparities?↩︎

    15. Prop 66 actually weakens protections for innocent people. According to Barry Scheck, co-founder of the national Innocence Project, “its poorly written provisions will increase the risk of executing the innocent.”↩︎

    16. Prop 66 has no effect on which defendants are charged with capital murder and which are ultimately sentenced to death. Nor does it include any provisions to ensure that death sentences will be carried out only against “the worst of the worst killers.”↩︎

    17. “Closure” victims is a complicated emotional and psychological process that varies greatly from person to person. Voters should not infer that all families of victims experience “closure” the same way. A University of Minnesota study reported that just 2.5% of victims’ family members and close friends said they achieved closure as a result of capital punishment, while 20.1% said the execution did not help them heal. And a study published in the Marquette Law Journal reported that victims’ family members experienced improved physical and psychological health and greater satisfaction with the legal system in cases in which defendants received life sentences, rather than death sentences. See STUDIES: Death Penalty Adversely Affects Families of Victims and Defendants; Closure? The Execution Was Just the Start; and VICTIMS: Murder Victim’s Daughter Says “Broken” Death Penalty Doesn’t Bring Closure and is “A Waste.”↩︎

    18. There is no evidence that Prop 66 will protect public safety or afford current death-row prisoners any less of a “chance of ever being in society again” than would Prop 62’s proposed remedy of resentencing those currently on death row to life without possibility of parole. On the related question of whether the death penalty is a deterrent at all, the National Research Council of the National Academies of Science reviewed more than three decades of studies on the subject and determined that the research “is not informative about whether capital punishment decreases, increases, or has no effect on homicide rates.” It recommended that the research should “not be used to inform deliberations requiring judgments about the effect of the death penalty on homicide.” The NRC’s 2012 report concluded that studies claiming that the death penalty had any deterrent effect on murder were fundamentally flawed. DETERRENCE: National Research Council Concludes Deterrence Studies Should Not Influence Death Penalty Policy. A 2015 study by the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University examined the potential causes of the dramatic drop in crime in the U.S. in the 1990s and 2000s and concluded that the death penalty had no effect on the decline. STUDIES: Death Penalty Had No Effect on Reducing Crime. See also Facts About Deterrence and the Death Penalty.↩︎

    19. The financial impact of Prop 66 is uncertain and includes both potential savings and increased costs. See Fiscal Impact. By comparison, the savings anticipated by Prop 66 proponents amount to 20% of the savings to taxpayers that would be realized if Prop 62 were adopted.↩︎

    20. Currently state appeals to death sentences last an average of 15-25 years. The method of enforcing the proposed 5-year limit under Prop 66 is unclear. Further, evidence of innocence and of police or prosecutorial misconduct is often not discovered for many years, and sometimes not for decades. As a result, the artificial 5-year time limit imposed by Prop 66 has been criticized as increasing the risk that innocent death row prisoners, and particularly those who were convicted or sentenced to death as a result of police or prosecutorial misconduct will be wrongfully executed.↩︎

    21. One cause of delay in the current system is the number of qualified appeals lawyers available. Prop 66 proposes to train more appeals lawyers and require them to accept death row cases. The implementation and funding for this initiative remains unclear.↩︎

    22. One cause of delay in the current system is the number of qualified appeals lawyers available. Prop 66 proposes to train more appeals lawyers and require them to accept death row cases. The implementation and funding for this initiative remains unclear.↩︎

    23. Another cause of delay in the current system is the backlog of appeals at the State Supreme Court. This measure would re-assign those cases to trial courts. Supporters of Prop 66 claim that shifting these appeals from the Supreme Court to the Trial Court will increase the speed of resolution, but do not explain how.↩︎

    24. Currently death row inmates are housed in a special unit in San Quentin. Although they are subject to extreme restrictions based on their status as death row prisoners, they also receive certain special privileges. Prop 66 allows prisoners to be re-assigned to other California prisons, where they will be treated similarly to other inmates. Resentencing these prisoners to life without parole, as would occur under Prop 62, would have the same effect.↩︎

    25. The financial impact of Prop 66 is uncertain and includes both potential savings and increased costs. If it produced the $30 million in cost savings its proponents expect, that would be a cost savings that is an estimated $120 million less per year than Prop 62 is expected to achieve. See Fiscal Impact.↩︎

    26. The rarity or prevalence of death sentences in California depends more upon the county in which the prosecution takes place than the severity of the crime for which a death sentence is issued. A study of California’s use of the death penalty throughout the decade of the 1990s showed that numerous legally inappropriate factors contributed to death sentencing across the state. For instance, it found that those charged with killing White, non-Hispanic victims were more likely to be sentenced to death than other homicide defendants, irrespective of the comparative egregiousness of the murders. It also found significant geographic disparities in death sentencing practices, with counties that have a lower population density and a higher proportion of non-Hispanic Whites in their populations to have the highest rates of death sentences. See: Legally Inappropriate Factors. Over the period 2010-2015, five California counties each imposed more death sentences than 99.5% of the counties in the rest of the United States: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Kern. See: Too Broken. In 2015, Riverside County by itself accounted for 16% of all the new death sentences imposed in the United States. See DPIC 2015 Year End Report.↩︎

    27. Since 2001 the annual number of death sentences issued in California has ranged from a high of 30 to a low of 9. In 2015 California had the highest number of new death sentences in the nation with 14. See: Sentencing↩︎

    28. There is no evidence that the death penalty promotes public safety or protects citizens any better than the sentencing alternative of life without possibility of parole.↩︎

    29. A University of Minnesota study reported that just 2.5% of victims’ family members and close friends said they achieved closure as a result of capital punishment, while 20.1% said the execution did not help them heal. See STUDIES: Death Penalty Adversely Affects Families of Victims and Defendants↩︎

    30. The financial impact of Prop 66 is uncertain and includes both potential savings and increased costs. The most favorable estimates suggest that it would save taxpayers an estimated $120 million less per year than would Prop 62. See Fiscal Impact.↩︎

    31. Racial and ethnic minorities may, for example, be overrepresented on death row in part because homicide rates are associated with poverty and Blacks and Latinos are disproportionately poor. A more accurate measure of racial disproportionality would then be the percentage of African Americans and Latinos on death row as compared to the percentage of homicides that are committed by racial and ethnic minorities.↩︎

    32. For example, if prosecutors in Atlanta or Philadelphia sought the death penalty in a lower percentage of murders than prosecutors in suburban or rural Georgia or Pennsylvania counties, and juries imposed the death penalty less frequently in those cities, statewide analysis of the data would suggest that the death penalty may be imposed less frequently against black defendants across the state than against other defendants. But when the data are looked at on the county level, the reality may be that the death penalty is imposed upon minority defendants at higher rates than against White defendants both in urban counties and in suburban or rural counties.↩︎

    33. See: Legally Inappropriate Factors.↩︎

    34. See Studies: White Jurors More Likley to Recommend Death Sentences for Latino Defendants.↩︎